施氮处理对不同筋型小麦产量和品质的影响

为探究施氮处理对不同筋型小麦的植株性状、籽粒产量和品质的影响,采用盆栽试验,选用强筋小麦品种中麦578（A1）和中麦5051（A2）、弱筋小麦品种扬麦15（A3）和扬麦24（A4）为供试品种,在施氮量相同的条件下进行底施（B1）和追施（B2）处理。结果表明：在其他栽培措施相同条件下,强筋小麦穗长、总小穗数、千粒重和籽粒产量均优于弱筋小麦,其中A1籽粒产量分别比A2、A3和A4高0.44%、49.81%和15.27%;施氮处理中B2的株高、穗长、穗粒数、总小穗数和籽粒产量均高于B1;不同处理组合中,强筋小麦品种A1B2的植株和产量性状优于其他处理;强筋小麦品种的籽粒蛋白质含量和蛋白质产量均高于弱筋小麦品种,且具有极显著差异（P<0.01)。本试验中强筋小麦品种中麦5051在氮肥追施处理中可以兼顾籽粒产量、蛋白质含量和蛋白质产量。     

Analysis and Assessment on Heavy Metal Contamination in Cotton Seeds of Hunan Province

[Objective] In order to guarantee the quality and safety of cotton products and to explore the feasibility of alternative planting, the contamination condition of the heavy metals in cotton seeds in Hunan province was investigated and evaluated. [Method] Fifty-six cotton seed samples, collected in 6 counties of Hunan province, were collected to determine 6 indicators including cadmium, lead, copper, chromium, mercury and inorganic arsenic contents. This was followed by pollution index calculation, correlation analysis, and cluster analysis. [Results] The range of comprehensive pollution indexes of Junshan district, Anxiang county, Nanxian county, Wangcheng and Dingcheng districts varied between 0.366 5–0.577 0, which belonged to a secure level. However, the single pollution indexes of Hengyang county are relatively high. The comprehensive pollution index of Hengyang county was 0.801 6, meaning a mild pollution level. [Conclusion] The pollution status of cadmium, lead, copper, chromium, mercury and arsenic in Hunan cottonseed samples are generally acceptable. Cotton could be a substitute for rice on contaminated soil.     

PDCA循环工作法在培训教研室制度建设中的应用实践

PDCA循环理论由于管理层次多样、运行程序科学严谨,广泛适用于各项管理工作甚至是管理的各个环节。将其引入国家林业局管理干部学院培训教研室制度建设工作中,通过PDCA循环四阶段进行管理,包括科学制定目标和工作计划、认真组织实施制度建设工作、及时检查结果、积极反馈制度建设中存在的问题,提高了培训教研室制度建设和管理质量,使培训教研室制度建设和管理进一步科学化、规范化。     

中棉所117的选育及种植技术要点

介绍了转抗虫基因中熟常规棉新品种中棉所117的选育过程、特征特性、适宜种植区域和种植技术要点。     

棉花铃病防治药剂筛选及应用

针对棉花铃病连年对棉花产量造成严重损失而无有效防控措施的问题，于2017－2018年，在河南安阳中国农业科学院棉花研究所试验地，开展了防治棉花铃病药剂筛选及应用试验。结果表明，50%（质量分数，下同）多菌灵、75%代森锰锌、75%百菌清等6种杀菌剂中，50%多菌灵和75%代森锰锌与成膜剂高脂膜桶混后喷雾对棉花铃病具有较好的防治效果，同时能够显著增加棉花的产量。该研究可为棉花铃病的有效控制提供技术支持。     

Dynamics of nitrogen translocation from mature leaves to new shoots and related gene expression during spring shoots development in tea plants (Camellia sinensis L.)

The contribution of N remobilization is crucial for new shoots growth and quality formation during spring tea shoots development. However, the translocation mechanism of N from source leaves to sink young shoots is not well understood. In the present study, ¹⁵N urea was applied to mature tea leaves one week before bud break to track N remobilization in a field experiment. The dynamic changes in plant ¹⁵N abundance, contents of amino acids, and the expression levels of genes related to N metabolism and translocation were followed during the 18‐d development of new spring shoots until three expanding young leaves. The results showed that during the growth of new shoots the amount of ¹⁵N in the shoots increased, whereas the N_dff (N derived from ¹⁵N‐urea) in mature leaves decreased, showing that the foliar‐applied N in mature leaves was readily exported to new shoots. This process was found to be accompanied by decline of chlorophylls. In the mature leaves, expression CsATG18a and CsSAG12 involved in autophagy was dramatically induced (> 4‐fold) at approximately nine days after the bud breaking. The genes involved in the transformation of amino acids, including primarily CsGDH2, CsGDH4, CsGLT3, CsGS1;3, and CsASN2 were upregulated by > 3‐fold after bud breaking. The expression levels of CsATG8A, CsATG9, CsSAG12, CsGS1;1, CsGDH1, and CsAAP6 correlated negatively with the N_dff in mature leaves, but positively with ¹⁵N amount and total N amount in new shoots, suggesting these genes played important roles in N export from mature leaves. In the new shoots, the expression of most genes showed two defined peaks, one on six days and one on 12 days after bud breaking. The expression of CsGS2, CsASN3, CsGLT1, and CsAAP4 positively correlated with the ¹⁵N amount and total N amount in new shoots. These genes might be involved in the transport and re‐assimilation of N from mature leaves. The overall results demonstrated that the translocation of ¹⁵N from mature leaves to new spring shoots was regulated by the genes involved in autophagy, protein degradation, amino acid transformation and transport.     

增施有机肥改善黑土物理特性与促进玉米根系生长的效果

为改善东北黑土区粘重耕层的土壤物理特性,通过玉米秸秆还田基础上增施有机肥试验,拟明确增施有机肥对黑土物理特性和根系生长的提升效果。利用2015～2018年吉林省公主岭市和黑龙江省克山县黑土区的定位试验,测定了玉米抽雄期3种秸秆还田处理及其增施有机肥(旋耕秸秆还田+有机肥RSM、深翻秸秆还田+有机肥DSM、深松秸秆还田+有机肥SSM)处理的土壤物理指标;并采用微根管法原位测定了根系生长指标,计算出增施有机肥后各土壤物理特性与根系生长指标的变化量。结果表明,相比秸秆还田处理,增施有机肥降低了土壤容重、土壤紧实度,提升了土壤含水量,同时根长密度、根尖数密度和根平均直径均显著增加,其中根长密度和根尖数密度各土层平均增加了0.18 cm/cm~2和34.9×10~(-3)个/cm~2。不同秸秆还田方式增施有机肥后对黑土物理特性和根系生长的改善效果不同,其中0～15 cm土层RSM处理改善效果最明显,15～45 cm土层SSM和DSM处理改善效果最明显。有机肥和秸秆还田方式互作对黑土物理特性和促进根系生长指标具有显著的正向互作效应。上述结果表明,深松秸秆还田和深翻秸秆还田基础上增施有机肥模式更有利于改善黑土物理特性和促进根系生长,是改善东北黑土区粘重耕层的技术选择。     

甘蓝型油菜对华北坝上冷凉环境的适应性

针对华北坝上冷凉区短季类经济作物缺乏,芥菜型油菜品质差、产量低等问题,于2017-2018年在农业农村部张北农业资源与生态环境重点野外观测试验站,引种了甘蓝型双低油菜品种华油杂62,以当地传统芥菜型油菜品种大黄为对照,监测了两品种的叶面积指数、角果净光合速率日变化、地上部干物质积累量、养分积累量和油菜农艺性状、产量等。结果表明,华油杂62较大黄生育期长约10d,平均叶面积指数高23.36%~36.73%;角果净光合速率不及大黄,N、P、K积累量高于大黄;干物质快速增长期延长21d,干物质积累潜值高46.86%;菜子产量较大黄高22.8%~54.0%。甘蓝型油菜华油杂62对华北坝上冷凉区的地理气候环境有较好的生态适应性,具有替代区域传统芥菜型油菜的优势。